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Metal Nanoparticles · Journal article
Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · August 10, 2026
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This work describes synthesis and characterization of a β-cyclodextrin-functionalized gold nanocluster fluorescent probe with a reported detection limit of 0.32 μM for unconjugated bilirubin. Validation is limited to a murine hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia model, where results agreed with a commercial kit, but human clinical performance remains unstudied.
Proof-of-concept study with animal model validation. Murine hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia model. No human subjects enrolled.. Intervention: β-CD-functionalized gold nanocluster (β-CD-AuNCs) fluorescent probe for bilirubin detection.. Compared with: Commercial bilirubin detection kit (in vivo validation only)..
Detection limit (LOD) of 0.32 μM for bilirubin, lower than normal free bilirubin concentration range in human serum Linear fluorescence response over 0-50 μM bilirubin concentration range Fluorescence emission peak at 760 nm in near-infrared region
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This probe design shows technical merit as a potential diagnostic tool but requires validation in human blood samples and comparison with clinical gold standards before adoption in clinical practice.
This is a proof-of-concept study of a novel diagnostic probe in an animal model; it demonstrates technical feasibility and agreement with a commercial standard but lacks clinical validation in human subjects.
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This probe design shows technical merit as a potential diagnostic tool but requires validation in human blood samples and comparison with clinical gold standards before adoption in clinical practice.
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Bilirubin is a bile pigment widely present in the human body. At appropriate concentrations, it functions as an antioxidant, reduces obesity risk, and helps prevent cardiovascular diseases. However, excessive levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) in the bloodstream can cross the blood-brain barrier, potentially causing kernicterus and irreversible neurological damage. Therefore, the accurate detection of bilirubin concentrations in human blood is of great significance for evaluating liver function and metabolic health status. Herein, we synthesized fluorescent gold nanocluster (AuNCs) probes using thiolated-cyclic β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as the ligand. The as-synthesized β-CD-AuNCs exhibit intense fluorescence emission at 760 nm in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Notably, the fluorescence emission intensity of β-CD-AuNCs decreases significantly with the increase of bilirubin concentration, which is mainly attributed to the host-guest recognition interaction between β-cyclodextrin and bilirubin, as well as the inner filter effect (IFE). Within the linear range of 0-50 μM, the sensor shows a distinct concentration-dependent fluorescence response to bilirubin, achieving a detection limit (LOD) of 0.32 μM. This sensitivity is considerably lower than the normal concentration range of free bilirubin in human serum. Finally, the fluorescent sensor was applied to the detection of UCB in a murine hemolytic hyperbilirubinemia model, and the detection results were consistent with those obtained by the commercial kit. Hence the reported UCB sensing probe can serve as a powerful diagnostic tool to research UCB functions and to investigate UCB related diseases.
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