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Life sciences · Journal article
Science Advances · October 30, 2026
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Regulatory T cell (T reg ) accumulation within the tumor microenvironment is a major contributor to immune evasion and immunotherapy resistance. However, the metabolic signals orchestrating T reg lineage commitment remain poorly defined. We identify that the oxysterol 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC), produced by Vimentin + stromal cells, acts through GPR183 to promote T reg differentiation and suppressive identity. In patients with gastric cancer (GC), GPR183 + T reg infiltration correlates with advanced disease and poor survival. In syngeneic tumor models, conditional GPR183 deletion, specifically in CD4 + T cells or T reg cells, demonstrates its cell-intrinsic requirement for high-cholesterol-diet–induced T reg expansion and tumor growth, thereby abrogating immune evasion and restoring CD8 + T cell effector function. Mechanistically, 7α,25-OHC–GPR183 signaling activates the AXL-JAK2-STAT5 pathway to reinforce Foxp3 expression. Last, GPR183 antagonism modestly enhances anti-PD-1 efficacy in a model-dependent manner and prevents therapy-induced T reg expansion. These findings identify the 7α,25-OHC–GPR183–AXL axis as a potential metabolic checkpoint linking cholesterol metabolism to immune suppression, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy to enhance antitumor immunity.