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Life sciences · Journal article
Russian Journal of Immunology · October 31, 2026
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Obesity is a common disorder in adolescents, leading to serious functional consequences such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and ovarian dysfunction. Excess weight reduces adiponectin levels, that are important in regulating the menstrual cycle. Obesity potentiates increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in blood serum, thus potentially affecting metabolic homeostasis and ovarian function. The “inflammatory phenomenon” in obesity, i.e., infiltration of adipose tissue by immune cells, such as leukocytes and macrophages, indicates their involvement in immune responses. This inflammation impairs insulin sensitivity via activation of the Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) leading to the synthesis of chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines. These shifts play a significant role in development of insulin resistance, suppression of adipocyte differentiation and contribute to obesity-related metabolic disorders. Therefore, evaluating specific patterns of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production and innate immune factors in development of oligomenorrhea in overweight adolescent girls is a relevant task. The purpose of the study was to identify patterns in the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and innate immune factors in overweight adolescent girls with oligomenorrhea. The study included 70 overweight adolescent girls with ovarian dysfunction (oligomenorrhea) in Group 1. Group 2 included 55 obese patients without menstrual irregularities. The control group consisted of 26 healthy patients. Serum levels of adiponectin, IL-12, IL-10, and IL-17 were determined by ELISA technique using Bender MedSystems diagnostic kits. Allelic variants of genes were determined using molecular genetic analysis kits (GosNIIGenetika, Moscow). Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistica 10.0 software package. The maximum permissible rate for a type I error was set at 5% (p 0.05). Metabolic disturbances in adolescent girls with obesity lead to chronic inflammation, which inhibits insulin sensitivity through the activation of signaling pathways that directly affect insulin signaling. These data suggest on ovarian dysfunction associated with decreased adiponectin levels, increased IL-12 and IL-17 production, decreased IL-10 levels, and prevalence of TLR4 gene polymorphisms. Distinct patterns of immune response play a significant role in obesity observed in adolescent girls, thus potentiating systemic inflammation through the activation of innate and adaptive immune factors, leading to ovarian dysfunction and oligomenorrhea.