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Life sciences · Preprint
arXiv · October 9, 2026
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Federated learning (FL) seeks to optimize a shared global model from decentralized client data. While effective for average performance, this process can produce unfair performance across clients, particularly under statistically heterogeneous data distributions. Existing fairness-aware and multi-objective FL methods address this through client re-weighting, gradient correction, or common-descent formulations, but often change the global optimization direction or treat client objectives symmetrically. We propose FedPCD, a priority-constrained federated optimization framework that separates the global optimization objective from client protection. FedPCD preserves the conventional federated aggregate as the primary objective, while allowing only the minimum correction necessary to meet client performance constraints. Across heterogeneous FL benchmarks, FedPCD consistently outperforms state-of-the-art baselines, achieving the highest global accuracy across all configurations and leading worst-10% client accuracy in nearly all. FedPCD further preserves competitive trade-offs between global accuracy and client performance variability. Beyond this trade-off, FedPCD demonstrates faster empirical convergence, reaching matching or superior performance in substantially fewer communication rounds.