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Life sciences · Journal article
Pharmaceutics · October 23, 2026
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Background: Green engineering, by the integration of bioactive molecules into hybrid nanostructures, provides an effective strategy for selective cancer therapy. Biohybrid nanomaterials have emerged as an innovative class of multifunctional nanoplatforms formed by the integration of organic bioactive molecules with nanostructured components, resulting in a synergistic nanostructure with enhanced colloidal stability, solubility, tunable surface chemistry, ROS-generating capability, and potentiated anticancer efficacy. Methods: In the present work, curcumin–L-arginine–folic acid biohybrid nanomaterials (Cur-LA-FA BNMs) were synthesized via a green blending process and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Results: The synthesized BNMs exhibited a crystallite size of approximately 50 nm, a spherical morphology with particle sizes of 50–70 nm, and a hydrodynamic diameter of 151 nm (PDI = 0.388), confirming successful biohybrid formation. Cur-LA-FA BNMs demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells with an IC50 value of 51.91 ± 2.65 µg/mL compared with 72.63 ± 1.50 µg/mL for free curcumin. Mechanistic investigations revealed significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, 1.5-fold elevation of caspase-3 activity, approximately 1.8-fold upregulation of Bax expression, and marked downregulation of Bcl-2 expression. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled Cur-LA-FA BNMs exhibited approximately 23-fold higher fluorescence intensity in folate receptor-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells than in HepG2 cells, indicating enhanced receptor-associated cellular uptake. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Cur-LA-FA BNMs possess promising potential as biohybrid nanosystems for targeted breast cancer therapy.