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Life sciences · Journal article
Discover Bacteria. · September 7, 2026
Early or partial results. Treat as a signal, not a conclusion.
This is a retrospective surveillance study of 792 bloodstream infection isolates from two Iranian tertiary hospitals, characterizing microbial etiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns. The findings are descriptive and geographically specific, intended to guide local empirical therapy; they do not establish efficacy or superiority of any intervention and should be interpreted as a snapshot of local resistance epidemiology requiring regional confirmation and clinical validation.
Retrospective surveillance study. Patients with positive blood cultures from Bou-Ali Sina Hospital and Razi Infectious Disease Center in northern Iran; 792 non-repetitive isolates analyzed.. n = 792. Two tertiary hospitals in northern Iran (Bou-Ali Sina Hospital and Razi Infectious Disease Center)..
Gram-positive bacteria accounted for 433/792 (54.6%) of isolates; Gram-negative 357/792 (45.1%); Candida spp. 2/792 (0.3%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most prevalent Gram-negative isolate at 88/792 (11.1%); Acinetobacter spp. 18/792 (2.2%) Staphylococcus epidermidis (n=297) showed highest resistance to ampicillin at 53.1% and lowest to tetracycline at 9.2%
No clinical outcomes (treatment response, mortality, length of stay) reported; susceptibility is in vitro only.
Clinicians in northern Iran should use these local susceptibility patterns to inform empirical therapy for bloodstream infections; the findings suggest third-generation cephalosporins may be inadequate and that amikacin or vancomycin warrant consideration. Readers outside this region should seek comparable local surveillance data before applying these results.
A single-center retrospective surveillance study of blood culture isolates with no comparator, reporting descriptive epidemiology and resistance patterns without intervention, efficacy outcome, or causal inference.
As stated by the source record.
Quoted from the source exactly as published.
Clinicians in northern Iran should use these local susceptibility patterns to inform empirical therapy for bloodstream infections; the findings suggest third-generation cephalosporins may be inadequate and that amikacin or vancomycin warrant consideration. Readers outside this region should seek comparable local surveillance data before applying these results.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
Bloodstream infection (BSIs) is life-threatening conditions associated with increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Local surveillance data are essential to guide empirical therapy and antimicrobial stewardship. This study aimed to determine the microbial etiology and antimicrobial resistance patterns of BSIs in two tertiary hospitals in northern Iran over a three-year period. A three-year retrospective study was conducted on 792 non-repetitive positive blood cultures collected from March 2021 to March 2024 at Bou-Ali Sina Hospital and Razi Infectious Disease Center. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using standard microbiological techniques and the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. A total of 792 positive blood culture isolates were analyzed. Among the isolates, 433 (54.6%) were Gram-positive bacteria, 357 (45.1%) were Gram-negative bacteria, and two (0.3%) were Candida spp. Among Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most prevalent isolate ( n = 88, 11.1%), whereas Acinetobacter spp. accounted for a substantially smaller proportion ( n = 18, 2.2%). Among Gram-positive isolates, Staphylococcus epidermidis ( n = 297) exhibited the highest resistance to ampicillin (53.1%) and the lowest to tetracycline (9.2%). No vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. or Enterococcus spp. were identified. Our results emphasize the need for clinicians to have access to up-to-date bacterial susceptibility data for routinely prescribed drugs. In northern Iran, device-associated BSIs caused by resistant staphylococci and MDR Gram-negative bacilli predominate. Third-generation cephalosporins are no longer suitable for empirical monotherapy at least in our region. Amikacin and vancomycin demonstrated the most favorable in vitro activity against the predominant Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens.
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