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Molecular Targeted Therapy / Colon Cancer / Colorectal Neoplasms · Journal article
Cancer Biology & Therapy · July 26, 2026
Raises a question worth testing. It does not answer one.
This is a narrative review that synthesizes current knowledge of molecular and genetic pathways implicated in colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and discusses conventional and emerging precision-based therapeutic strategies. It does not present primary research data, clinical trial results, or comparative effectiveness evidence; rather, it frames existing mechanistic and clinical knowledge to motivate future research and therapeutic development.
Narrative review. Review discusses colorectal cancer in the general population and in patients with hereditary syndromes (Lynch syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis, attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis), with emphasis on molecular subtypes and therapeutic eligibility..
CRC projected incidence in the United States: 158,850 cases in 2026; projected deaths: 55,230 in 2026 Lynch syndrome accounts for approximately 5–10% of all CRC cases MSI-H tumors account for approximately 15% of CRCs
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This review provides a framework for understanding the molecular complexity of CRC and highlights the shift toward precision oncology, but does not present evidence from trials or clinical studies that would directly inform treatment decisions. Clinicians should consult primary trial data and clinical guidelines for evidence-based therapeutic recommendations.
This is a narrative review synthesizing existing knowledge about molecular pathways in colorectal cancer and therapeutic strategies, without presenting new primary data, clinical trials, or original findings to evaluate.
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Quoted from the source exactly as published.
This review provides a framework for understanding the molecular complexity of CRC and highlights the shift toward precision oncology, but does not present evidence from trials or clinical studies that would directly inform treatment decisions. Clinicians should consult primary trial data and clinical guidelines for evidence-based therapeutic recommendations.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a major global health challenge and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Central to its pathogenesis is the dysregulation of interconnected signal transduction networks that govern cellular proliferation, survival, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune modulation. Progressive disruption of these pathways facilitates malignant transformation of the colonic epithelium and underlies disease initiation and progression. In this review, we examine the foundational signaling mechanisms implicated in CRC, with an emphasis on the Wnt/β-catenin, GUCY2C, MAPK/ERK, p53, PI3K/AKT, and SMAD4/TGF-β pathways. We also highlight the genomic and epigenomic hallmarks of CRC to illustrate how genetic and epigenetic alterations contribute to diverse oncogenic processes. Furthermore, we discuss both conventional and emerging precision-based therapeutic strategies aimed at driving mutations in CRC tumorigenesis. By synthesizing advances in signaling biology, this review aims to provide a framework for understanding CRC complexity and to inform the development of more precise and effective therapies.
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