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Life sciences · Journal article
Frontiers in Microbiology · August 11, 2026
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This is a descriptive molecular survey of mcr-1-positive avian pathogenic E. coli recovered from diseased chickens in Shanxi Province, China (2021–2024), characterizing their serotypes, phylogenetic groups, antimicrobial resistance patterns, virulence genes, and biofilm capacity. All 50 isolates exhibited multidrug resistance and carried key virulence genes (ibeB, ompA), with 96% forming biofilms; the work establishes a local epidemiologic baseline and highlights zoonotic risk, but does not compare cohorts, measure clinical outcomes, or test interventions.
Descriptive cross-sectional survey. Diseased chickens in Shanxi Province, China, from which mcr-1-positive APEC isolates were recovered.. n = 50. Shanxi Province, China.
O18 (28%) and O78 (20%) were predominant serotypes among 50 mcr-1-positive APEC isolates. Phylogroup A was most prevalent (32.0%), with 34.0% untypeable isolates. All 50 isolates (100%) were multidrug-resistant (≥3 drug classes) with universal resistance to tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
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This survey provides a regional baseline for mcr-1-APEC prevalence and resistance in Chinese poultry, identifying high-level multidrug resistance and virulence gene carriage as persistent local risks. The findings support the need for enhanced antimicrobial stewardship in poultry production and surveillance, but do not directly inform treatment, prevention, or clinical management decisions.
A descriptive molecular epidemiology survey of 50 isolates from a single Chinese province with no comparator group, control arm, or clinical outcome; establishes local prevalence and resistance patterns but lacks the design and scope to guide practice change.
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Quoted from the source exactly as published.
This survey provides a regional baseline for mcr-1-APEC prevalence and resistance in Chinese poultry, identifying high-level multidrug resistance and virulence gene carriage as persistent local risks. The findings support the need for enhanced antimicrobial stewardship in poultry production and surveillance, but do not directly inform treatment, prevention, or clinical management decisions.
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Introduction The emergence of mcr-1-harboring avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) poses a significant One Health challenge due to its zoonotic potential and adverse effects on poultry production. Methods A total of 50 mcr-1 -positive APEC isolates were recovered from diseased chickens in Shanxi Province, China, between 2021 and 2024. All isolates were subjected to serotyping, phylogenetic grouping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, detection of resistance and virulence-associated genes, and biofilm formation assessment. Results Serotyping identified O18 (28%) and O78 (20%) as the predominant serotypes, with no O1 detected. Phylogenetic analysis showed that phylogroup A was most prevalent (32.0%), followed by B2 (12.0%), D (12.0%), and B1 (10.0%); the remaining isolates (34.0%) were untypeable. All isolates were multidrug-resistant (resistant to ≥3 drug classes), with universal resistance to tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and over 85% resistance to kanamycin, amoxicillin, florfenicol, and chloramphenicol. The resistance genes tetA, blaTEM, aphA, and sul2, as well as the virulence genes ibeB and ompA, were detected in all isolates (100%). Biofilm formation was observed in 96% of the isolates, though its correlation with individual resistance or virulence genes was weak. Discussion The findings demonstrate that mcr-1 -positive APEC isolates in Shanxi Province exhibit high-level multidrug resistance, widespread virulence gene carriage, and strong biofilm-forming capacity, underscoring their potential public health risk through animal-to-human transmission. These data provide a baseline for local surveillance and highlight the need for enhanced antimicrobial stewardship in poultry production.)
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