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Life sciences · Journal article
International Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Processes · September 16, 2026
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Cancer is a disease that occurs when some body cells proliferate out of control and spread to other parts of the body. Current treatments, such as surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy, have side effects, and might cause multidrug resistance which complicates their effectiveness. This study investigates the cytotoxic potential of crude extracts from Hibiscus sabdariffa leaves and isolates bioactive compounds with relevance to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) therapy. The cytotoxicity assays using Brine-Shrine Lethality test (BSLT) and MTT test were carried out on the crude extracts. The BSLT result showed cytotoxicity across all extracts with LC50 values (µg/L) for the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts were determined as 72.26 (83.79-491.63), 51.19 (42.13-558.11), and 50.61 (43.18-458.12), respectively. The MTT tests, demonstrated significant toxicity across all extracts, notably the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts against several breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, HS578T, SKBr3, MDA-MB-231). Among these, the methanol extract exhibited strong cytotoxicity, with IC50 values 66 µ/M outperforming that of the reference drug Etoposide 78 µ/M against HS578T cell line. Bioassay-guided fractionation and spectroscopic analysis (FTIR and NMR) led to the identification of two compounds: 6-Methoxyquinoline (HS1 or J1) and Ethyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate (HS2 or J2). The thin layer chromatography was carried out to investigate the purity of the different isolates obtained from column chromatography. The compounds where isolated as pure and coded as (HS1 or J1) and (HS2 or J2) which gave a single spot on the chromatoplate. These compounds demonstrated structural and functional characteristics consistent with anticancer, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. 6-Methoxyquinoline, a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound, exhibited features associated with apoptosis induction and cell cycle inhibition, while Ethyl 4 Hydroxybenzoate demonstrated phenolic-based free radical scavenging activity. These findings lay the groundwork for developing new plant-base therapeutic agents, such as Hibiscus Sabdariffa, aimed at treating resistant form of breast cancer: triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)