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Life sciences · Journal article
Quality in Sport · October 2, 2026
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Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are primarily used in type 2 diabetes and obesity. Evidence suggests additional cardiovascular, renal, and neurological effects, with important socioeconomic implications. Aim: To evaluate GLP-1 RA effects beyond metabolic control, focusing on cardiovascular, renal, neurological, physical activity, and socioeconomic outcomes. Material and methods: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for studies published from 2022 to 2026. Adult human studies assessing cardiovascular, renal, cerebrovascular, neurological or socioeconomic outcomes were included. After screening, 39 publications were qualitatively synthesized. Results: GLP-1 RAs were associated with reduced major adverse cardiovascular events, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, and selected heart-failure outcomes. Semaglutide reduced major kidney disease events and slowed eGFR decline in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Neurological effects included reduced cerebrovascular events and intracranial pressure, while evidence regarding cognition and neurodegenerative disorders remained heterogeneous. Conclusions: GLP-1 RAs exert multisystem effects beyond metabolic control, including cardiovascular and renal protection and neurological effects. Their expanding use may provide substantial health benefits but also raises concerns regarding treatment costs and socioeconomic disparities in access.