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Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment / Ovarian Function and Disorders · Journal article
Andrology and Genital Surgery · September 6, 2026
Early or partial results. Treat as a signal, not a conclusion.
This cross-sectional study of 103 men found that hypogonadism is associated with elevated body mass index, waist circumference, hyperinsulaemia, and insulin resistance, with strong negative correlations between testosterone and the adipokines visfatin and resistin. However, intergroup differences in adipokine levels did not reach statistical significance, and the design cannot establish causation or identify independent associations after adjustment.
Cross-sectional comparative study. Men with and without hypogonadism; specific inclusion/exclusion criteria and setting not detailed in source text.. Compared with: Comparison between men with hypogonadism and men without hypogonadism.. n = 103.
Hypogonadism group (n=57) demonstrated significantly higher body mass index, waist circumference, and insulin levels compared to non-hypogonadism group (n=46) HOMA-IR and Caro indices showed greater sensitivity to decreased testosterone levels than Matsuda index Negative correlation between testosterone and visfatin: r = −0.732, p <0.001
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These findings suggest insulin resistance indices (HOMA-IR, Caro) may be useful screening tools in men with hypogonadism and obesity, and raise a hypothesis about adipokine involvement in androgen deficiency. However, the correlational nature and lack of statistical significance for intergroup adipokine differences mean results should not yet guide clinical management; replication and mechanistic studies are needed.
A single-centre cross-sectional study with modest sample size and no control group for adipokine differences; correlational findings are hypothesis-generating rather than causal or practice-defining.
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These findings suggest insulin resistance indices (HOMA-IR, Caro) may be useful screening tools in men with hypogonadism and obesity, and raise a hypothesis about adipokine involvement in androgen deficiency. However, the correlational nature and lack of statistical significance for intergroup adipokine differences mean results should not yet guide clinical management; replication and mechanistic studies are needed.
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BACKGROUND: Obesity is a significant risk factor for development of hypogonadism in men and is associated with pronounced metabolic disturbances, including insulin resistance. AIM: To assess the prevalence of hypogonadism across different body mass index categories in men and to investigate its association with key metabolic disturbances, including adipokine dysregulation. METHODS: The study included 103 men divided into groups with hypogonadism ( n = 57) and without hypogonadism ( n = 46). Anthropometric parameters, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism markers, immunoreactive insulin, total testosterone levels, as well as insulin resistance indices (HOMA-IR, Matsuda, Caro) and adipokines (visfatin, resistin) were evaluated. Statistical analysis included non-parametric methods and correlation analysis. RESULTS: Patients with hypogonadism demonstrated significantly higher body mass index, waist circumference, and insulin levels, as well as pronounced insulin resistance. The HOMA-IR and Caro indices showed greater sensitivity to decreased testosterone levels compared to the Matsuda index. Statistically significant negative correlations were found between testosterone levels and visfatin (r = −0.732; p <0.001) and resistin (r = −0.750; p <0.001). However, intergroup differences in adipokine levels did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Hypogonadism in men with obesity is associated with abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. The HOMA-IR and Caro indices may be recommended as screening tools for detecting metabolic disturbances in this patient population. The identified correlations between testosterone levels and adipokines suggest a potential role of visfatin and resistin in the pathogenesis of androgen deficiency and warrant further investigation.
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