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Life sciences · Journal article
International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies · October 11, 2026
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Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of abdominal obesity, hypertension, dysglycemia and atherogenic dyslipidemia. In addition to cardiovascular and metabolic complications, increasing evidence indicates an association between MetS and renal dysfunction. The interaction is particularly important in South Asian populations because cardiometabolic abnormalities occur at comparatively lower levels of adiposity and because chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents an increasing public-health burden in India [1-6]. Objective: To evaluate renal function in patients with MetS belonging to a rural population of India and to compare renal-function parameters with healthy controls. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 279 patients with MetS and 50 healthy controls. The study population was recruited from rural areas of Jaipur district, Rajasthan, India. MetS was diagnosed according to modified National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) criteria using Asian waist-circumference cut-offs. Serum urea, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were assessed. Creatinine clearance was estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation and eGFR using the MDRD equation, consistent with the original doctoral thesis methodology. Urinary protein was assessed by dipstick testing. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of NIMS University, Jaipur. Results: The mean age of patients with MetS was 50.37±13.99 years. There were 143 (51.25%) males and 136 (48.75%) females. Of the 279 patients, 211 (75.63%) fulfilled three MetS criteria, 58 (20.79%) fulfilled four criteria and 10 (3.58%) fulfilled all five criteria. Mean serum urea was significantly higher in MetS patients than controls (53.61±55.26 vs 31.54±3.88 mg/dL; P<0.001). Mean serum creatinine was also higher (1.62±1.81 vs 1.11±0.16 mg/dL; P=0.047). Mean creatinine clearance was lower in MetS patients (80.19±39.13 vs 89.88±15.18 mL/min), although the difference was not statistically significant according to the original analysis (P<0.08). Mean eGFR was lower among MetS patients (66.08±32.75 vs 76.54±11.70 mL/min/1.73 m²; P<0.02). Among patients with MetS, 90 (32.26%) had serum creatinine above the reference range, 90 (32.26%) had serum urea above the reference range, and 171 (61.29%) had reduced creatinine clearance. The original eGFR categorization placed 24 (8.60%) participants in category 5 (<15 mL/min/1.73 m²). Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome was associated with significant alterations in several renal-function parameters in this rural Indian study. Increased serum urea and creatinine, reduced eGFR and reduced creatinine clearance were observed in a substantial proportion of participants. These findings support the incorporation of renal-function assessment into the evaluation of individuals with MetS, particularly in rural populations. Keywords: Metabolic syndrome; renal dysfunction; chronic kidney disease; serum creatinine; serum urea; eGFR; creatinine clearance; rural population; India.