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Life sciences · Journal article
Frontiers in Tropical Diseases · October 15, 2026
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Introduction Orthoebolavirus restonense (Reston virus; RESTV) is a zoonotic virus that has been detected primarily in non-human primates and swine. Despite its recognized public health importance, the evolutionary dynamics and population structure of RESTV remain poorly understood. Methods In this study, we conducted an in silico analysis of 20 publicly available RESTV whole-genome sequences to build upon previous analyses by updating phylogenetic relationships, evolutionary timescales, and incorporating additional analyses of genetic diversity and population subdivision across host groups and outbreak periods. Results Maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analyses support 5 multi-sequence clusters and 2 phylogenetically distinct singleton lineages. The common ancestor of the sampled genomes was estimated around 1967, with a broad 95% highest posterior density interval of 1930–1988, indicating that the sampled evolutionary history likely predates the first recognized outbreak in 1989. The pooled dataset showed high haplotype diversity, while swine-derived genomes exhibited greater nucleotide diversity than primate-derived genomes. Furthermore, neutrality tests based on the limited number of genomes (n=20) did not detect evidence of recent rapid population expansion. Discussion Population structure analyses suggest structured, highly divergent viral sequences, with temporal segregation exerting a greater influence than host-associated factors, although the relative contributions of outbreak period and host are difficult to disentangle due to the uneven distribution of hosts across sampling periods. The estimated ancestry of sampled genomes predating the first recognized outbreak, together with the evidence of population structure, raises the possibility of earlier undetected, potentially cryptic circulation; however, responsible host(s), and continuity of transmission remain unresolved. Nevertheless, the limited number of available genome sequences constrains a comprehensive understanding of RESTV evolutionary history and transmission dynamics. Expanded genomic surveillance and One Health integration are therefore essential to better elucidate the virus’ evolution, epidemiology, and zoonotic potential.