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Life sciences · Journal article
Frontiers in Pharmacology · October 14, 2026
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Background Since breast cancer is one of the biggest worldwide health issues, new and effective treatment approaches are required. Because autophagy control has two context-dependent roles in the development of cancer, it is a prospective therapeutic target. With an emphasis on the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy, this work assessed the anticancer potential of ulvan, a sulfated polysaccharide produced from Ulva lactuca, and ulvan-loaded nano-selenium in an Ehrlich solid carcinoma model. Material ESC-bearing mice were treated with ulvan extract, sodium selenite or ulvan-SeNPs for 14 days. The anticancer activity was assessed through histology, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory mediators, apoptotic proteins and genes expression for autophagy and molecular docking studies. Results Molecular docking analysis revealed ulvan-derived saccharides to bind strongly to VEGFR2, CD44 and Toll-like receptors suggesting multi-target action. Ulvan in vivo restored antioxidant defenses, reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and induced apoptosis via caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax modulation. Ulvan induced controlled autophagy by decreasing mTOR and increasing autophagy related gene expression. Ulvan-SeNPs exhibited enhanced anticancer activity with increased activation of autophagic and apoptotic pathways, as evidenced by tumor shrinkage, reduced angiogenesis and histopathological analysis. Conclusion Ulvan is a controlled anti-cancer agent, with a mechanism synergistically enhanced by nano-selenium. These results indicate that ulvan could be a potential natural therapeutic for breast cancer alone or in combination with nano-selenium.