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Extracellular Vesicles in Disease / Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment / Ferroptosis and Cancer Prognosis · Journal article
International Journal of Molecular Sciences · August 17, 2026
Raises a question worth testing. It does not answer one.
This is a comprehensive narrative review of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in thyroid cancer, synthesizing knowledge on EV cargo, biological functions, and biomarker potential. The authors identify methodological variability and limited clinical validation as key barriers to clinical translation, concluding that further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to establish EVs in liquid biopsy and personalized therapy.
Narrative literature review. Thyroid cancer; studies on extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
EVs have emerged as important mediators of tumor progression and microenvironment modulation in thyroid cancer EV-associated non-coding RNAs, proteins, lipids, and molecular signatures show diagnostic and prognostic value as non-invasive biomarkers Methodological variability and limited clinical validation remain key barriers to clinical translation
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This review identifies extracellular vesicles as a promising research avenue for improved thyroid cancer diagnostics and monitoring, but emphasizes that methodological standardization and clinical validation are prerequisites before clinical implementation. Clinicians should regard EVs currently as an investigational approach rather than an established biomarker.
This is a comprehensive narrative review synthesizing existing literature on extracellular vesicles in thyroid cancer, identifying methodological challenges and future directions rather than presenting new empirical evidence or clinical outcomes.
As stated by the source record.
This review identifies extracellular vesicles as a promising research avenue for improved thyroid cancer diagnostics and monitoring, but emphasizes that methodological standardization and clinical validation are prerequisites before clinical implementation. Clinicians should regard EVs currently as an investigational approach rather than an established biomarker.
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Thyroid cancer (TC) is one of the most common endocrine malignancies and ranks among the ten most frequently diagnosed cancers worldwide, highlighting the need for improved diagnostic and monitoring strategies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized, membrane-enclosed particles released by nearly all cell types that carry selectively sorted bioactive cargo capable of influencing the behavior and fate of recipient cells. Although their molecular composition is shaped by their cells of origin, cargo loading is a regulated process that contributes to EV-mediated intercellular communication and cell-specific targeting. In TC, EVs have emerged as important mediators of tumor progression and microenvironment modulation. Recent advances underscore the diagnostic and prognostic value of EVs as non-invasive biomarkers, particularly through the detection of EV-associated non-coding RNAs, proteins, lipids, and other molecular signatures. However, methodological variability and limited clinical validation remain key barriers to clinical translation. Further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to establish the role of EVs in liquid biopsy and personalized targeted therapy for TC. This review provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of EVs in TC, with particular emphasis on methodological factors influencing EV research, including sample-specific isolation and characterization strategies. Based on a systematic literature survey, this review integrates current knowledge on EV-associated cargo, biological functions, biomarker and therapeutic potential while critically evaluating methodological challenges and outlining future directions for clinical translation.
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