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Life sciences · Journal article
International Journal of Medical Ophthalmology · October 15, 2026
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Background: Firecracker-related ocular injuries remain a significant public health challenge in south boarder of Nepal and neighbor country, especially during festival seasons. Despite legislative bans, illicit firecracker use persists, leading to preventable vision loss. Objective: To analyze the epidemiology, clinical profile, management, and outcomes of firecracker-related ocular injuries presenting to a tertiary eye hospital in the Nepal–India border region. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 1 to November 30, 2025, at RMKEH Birgunj. All patients with firecracker-related ocular injuries were included. Data on demographics, injury circumstances, clinical findings, management, and outcomes were collected using a structured proforma and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Of 220 ocular trauma cases, 60 (27.2%) were firecracker-related. Patients were predominantly male (75.3%) and under 18 years (67.1%). The most common fireworks were potato bombs (35.6%) and pea crackers (30.1%). Home was the primary injury location (60.3%). Corneal injuries were most frequent (56.2%), followed by lid injuries (38.3%). Visual acuity at presentation ranged from 6/6 to no perception of light (NPL). Medical management was employed in 71.2% of cases, while 28.8% required surgical intervention. Common complications included corneal opacity (43.8%) and poor visual prognosis (12.3%). Conclusion: Firecracker injuries disproportionately affect young males and often result in significant corneal morbidity. Strengthening regulatory enforcement, promoting protective eyewear, and targeted community awareness before festivals are urgently needed to reduce the burden of preventable ocular trauma.