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Life sciences · Journal article
BMC Cancer · October 2, 2026
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Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) are significant global public health problems, with differences in incidence and epidemiological features in different areas. This study aims to determine the epidemiology of HL and NHL in Iran based on data from the Iranian National Cancer Registry from 2014 to 2017. This descriptive study was performed using the Iranian National Cancer Registry data from 2014 to 2017. The study included a total of 4,928 Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cases and 13, 600 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases. Crude and age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) were estimated using the World Health Organization’s standard population. We performed a spatial analysis of lymphoma distribution using geographic information system (GIS) tools, detecting geographic clustering using hotspot analysis and Moran’s Index. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of HL increased from 1.4 per 100,000 in 2014 to 1.59 per 100,000 in 2017, with higher rates observed in Yazd (2.74 per 100,000 in 2014) and Lorestan (2.50 per 100,000 in 2017). Among males, the ASR for HL ranged from 1.66 per 100,000 in 2014 to 1.89 per 100,000 in 2017, while for females, it ranged from 1.13 per 100,000 to 1.29 per 100,000 during the same period. Spatial analysis identified significant geographic clustering in HL cases in 2014 (Moran’s Index = 0.12, p = 0.05) and 2015 (Moran’s Index = 0.14, p = 0.03), but this clustering diminished in 2016 and 2017. For NHL, the ASR rose from 4.26 per 100,000 in 2014 to 4.54 per 100,000 in 2017, with the highest rates in Yazd (7.13 per 100,000 in 2014) and Ilam (8.13 per 100,000 in 2017). Among males, the ASR for NHL increased from 5.29 per 100,000 in 2014 to 5.52 per 100,000 in 2017, while for females, it ranged from 3.26 per 100,000 to 3.58 per 100,000. Spatial analysis revealed no significant clustering in most years, except in 2016, where distinct geographic clustering was observed (Moran’s Index = 0.18, p < 0.001). This study indicates an increasing trend in the incidence of lymphoma and notable geospatial and sex-based disparities in Iran. The results emphasize the need for targeted public health interventions and further studies to clarify the risk factors behind geographical and demographic differences in lymphoma incidence.