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Burn Injury Management and Outcomes · Journal article
Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases · September 8, 2026
Early or partial results. Treat as a signal, not a conclusion.
This is a single-centre, descriptive microbiology study that isolated and characterised multidrug-resistant bacteria from 40 burn samples using morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods. The work documents the presence of several resistant gram-positive and gram-negative species and reports ribosomal gene mutations in some isolates after antibiotic exposure, but provides no clinical outcome data, no quantified resistance prevalence, and no evidence to guide treatment decisions.
Cross-sectional descriptive study. Burn wound samples from patients in Samarra, Iraq, enrolled at the Department of Biology Sciences, University of Samarra.. Intervention: Bacterial isolation, morphological characterisation, biochemical testing, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and antibiotic susceptibility testing.. n = 40. Samarra, Iraq; single centre..
Morphological and biochemical diagnosis identified Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis from 40 burn samples High resistance to penicillin and cefotaxime documented; relative sensitivity to azithromycin reported 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae in addition to staphylococci
No patient outcomes (infection severity, morbidity, mortality) reported.
This descriptive study documents bacterial species and resistance patterns in a local burn population but does not provide quantified prevalence, treatment guidance, or evidence to change clinical practice. Clinicians should not use these findings to make treatment decisions without larger, comparative studies.
A small cross-sectional descriptive study of bacterial isolates from burn samples with morphological and molecular characterization, but no clinical outcomes, no comparator group, and no hypothesis testing.
As stated by the source record.
Quoted from the source exactly as published.
This descriptive study documents bacterial species and resistance patterns in a local burn population but does not provide quantified prevalence, treatment guidance, or evidence to change clinical practice. Clinicians should not use these findings to make treatment decisions without larger, comparative studies.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
Background: Burn infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality due to the high risk of bacterial colonization, antimicrobial resistance, and subsequent invasive infections, making accurate morphological and molecular characterization of multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens essential for guiding effective treatment and infection control strategies. Objective: The aim of this research was to isolate and perform morphological and molecular characterization of bacteria contaminating burns, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Citrobacter species and to compare the molecular characterization of these bacteria before and after they developed antibiotic resistance and to determine if any mutations occurred at the molecular level. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in the Department of Biology Sciences at University of Samarra, Samarra, Iraq. This study was carried out from November 2024 and February 2025. Bacteria were isolated and identified from 40 burn samples. Morphological and biochemical diagnosis revealed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Tests showed high resistance to common antibiotics such as penicillin and cefotaxime, with relative sensitivity to azithromycin. Molecular diagnosis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed the identity of the isolates, indicating the presence of other species such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae. Results: These results confirm the prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in burn injuries and highlight the importance of accurate molecular diagnosis and susceptibility testing for improving treatment and genetic surveillance of resistance. Conclusion: Analysis also revealed ribosomal gene mutations in some isolates following antibiotic exposure, suggesting the influence of selective pressure in the development of resistance. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, June 2026;13(1):319-330
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