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Life sciences · Journal article
Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry · September 28, 2026
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The global rise in obesity and its associated comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, presents a major public health challenge. Adipose tissue plays a central role in maintaining energy homeostasis and is a key contributor to the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders [ 1 ]. Among these, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has garnered considerable attention due to its capacity to dissipate energy by promoting triglyceride clearance, glucose uptake, and heat generation through thermogenesis [ 2, 3 ]. The thermogenic function of BAT is primarily driven by mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), which uncouples oxidative phosphorylation to produce heat instead of ATP. UCP1-mediated adaptive thermogenesis not only contributes to body temperature regulation but also enhances overall energy expenditure [ 3, 4, 5 ]. The discovery of active BAT in adult humans has sparked intense interest in its potential as a therapeutic target for obesity and metabolic disease by promoting energy dissipation and limiting weight gain.