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Life sciences · Journal article
Annals of African Medicine · September 24, 2026
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Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of global mortality, with a rapidly increasing burden in low- and middle-income countries, including India. Early-life exposure to modifiable risk factors significantly contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and future cardiovascular events. Medical students, owing to academic stress, sedentary lifestyle, and dietary irregularities, represent a potentially high-risk yet underevaluated group. Aims: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of cardiovascular risk factors among medical students and to compare these risk factors between genders. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 medical and paramedical students aged 18–25 years using a structured questionnaire adapted from the WHO STEPS approach. Data collected included demographic details, lifestyle habits, dietary patterns, physical activity, and family history. Clinical assessment included anthropometric measurements (body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio), blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile. Statistical analysis was performed to identify associations between risk factors and cardiovascular risk categories. Results: A substantial proportion of participants exhibited one or more modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, including physical inactivity, unhealthy dietary habits, dyslipidemia, and elevated BP. Risk factors were more prevalent among males for substance use, whereas females demonstrated higher proportions of certain metabolic abnormalities. A significant association was observed between sedentary lifestyle, obesity indices, and increased cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors among medical students, underscoring the need for early screening, targeted lifestyle interventions, and structured health promotion programs within medical institutions.