Loading
Life sciences · Journal article
Cells · October 4, 2026
No summary has been generated for this record yet. What follows is drawn from its source metadata only.
Journal article.
No findings were extractable from the material analysed.
Safety was not reported in the material analysed. Check the source before drawing any conclusion about harm.
The source did not state who this applies to in practice.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
This record has not been graded across any dimension yet. Treat the label above as provisional and read the source.
What is missing. This record has no bottom line, key findings, reported figures, evidence dimensions. That is a gap in the analysis, not a judgement about the study.
Exosomes are an evolved sub-type of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that have gained popularity in recent years as a novel biological nanocarrier system for targeted precision therapy in cancer owing to their excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and high stability. While other artificial systems can only deliver specific types of drug, exosomes have been found to effectively carry different types of therapeutic cargo, such as chemotherapeutic agents, proteins, peptides, mRNA, siRNA, miRNA, and even CRISPR/Cas gene editing elements. Recent progress in exosome engineering technologies, such as surface modification, donor cell modification, bionic hybrid vesicles, and stimuli-responsive exosomes, has improved their targeting efficacy, cargo-loading capacity, and controlled drug release properties. Apart from their therapeutic use, exosomes play an active role in promoting tumor development by regulating the tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis, metastasis, immune escape, maintenance of cancer stem cells, and drug resistance. This review provides a brief insight into the biological properties of exosomes, recent developments in isolation and characterization methods, engineering approaches, therapeutic cargo loading, and their uses in targeted chemotherapy, gene and RNA therapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy, sonodynamic therapy, chemo-dynamic therapy, and combinational therapy. Moreover, the existing issues in exosome research, such as exosome heterogeneity, large-scale production, quality control, and regulatory issues, are addressed. Finally, new approaches involving artificial intelligence, multi-omics technology, and personalized engineering of exosomes are presented as potential solutions to enhance the clinical use of exosomes.