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Life sciences · Journal article
Frontiers in Microbiology · November 6, 2026
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The global burden of prostate cancer continues to rise, yet conventional biomarkers and therapies face substantial limitations due to tumor heterogeneity and treatment resistance. The gut microbiome has emerged as a critical regulator of host metabolism and immunity, with its bioactive metabolites influencing prostate cancer pathogenesis through multiple interconnected pathways. Short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, microbiota-modulated tryptophan metabolites, and microbiota-derived androgens modulate immune surveillance, androgen metabolism, and therapeutic responses via hormonal and inflammatory signaling networks. These metabolites exert context-dependent effects that vary with concentration, disease stage, and the tumor microenvironment. This narrative review comprehensively synthesizes current mechanistic evidence on microbiome-derived metabolite signaling and evaluates the potential of circulating microbial metabolites as non-invasive biomarkers, while outlining future research priorities for clinical translation in prostate cancer management.