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Imaging-guided Therapy · Journal article
Bioactive Materials · July 9, 2026
A consensus or society position rather than new primary data.
This narrative review summarizes activatable NIR-II photoacoustic probes that respond to tumor microenvironment biomarkers and remain 'off' under normal conditions, reducing background interference. The authors discuss probe design strategies, tumor-responsive activation mechanisms, and applications in imaging-guided cancer therapy, concluding with challenges and future perspectives for theranostic systems.
Journal article. Cancer patients (potential application).
Activatable NIR-II PA probes respond to tumor biomarkers including pH, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, glutathione, and enzymes Stimulus-responsive strategy significantly reduces background interference and enables highly specific cancer imaging NIR-II PA probes possess intrinsic photothermal conversion capability for imaging-guided cancer therapy
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This review synthesizes probe development strategies that may inform future theranostic platforms, though clinical translation and comparative effectiveness data are not provided. Clinicians should await controlled trials demonstrating clinical benefit and safety profiles.
Narrative review synthesizing recent developments in activatable NIR-II photoacoustic probes without primary data or meta-analysis.
As stated by the source record.
This review synthesizes probe development strategies that may inform future theranostic platforms, though clinical translation and comparative effectiveness data are not provided. Clinicians should await controlled trials demonstrating clinical benefit and safety profiles.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
What is missing. This record has no reported figures. That is a gap in the analysis, not a judgement about the study.
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window offers a compelling approach for deep-tissue tumor imaging. However, most reported NIR-II PA probes are "always on", resulting in persistent background signals that limit their imaging specificity and signal-to-background ratios. To address these limitations, activatable NIR-II PA probes that remain "off" under normal physiological conditions have been developed. Upon entering tumor microenvironment, they undergo tumor biomarker-mediated activation and turn "on". Therefore, this stimulus-responsive strategy significantly reduces background interference and enables highly specific cancer imaging. Additionally, the intrinsic photothermal conversion capability of NIR-II PA probes makes them ideal platform for imaging-guided cancer therapy. This review focuses on the recent development in activatable NIR-II PA probes that respond to tumor-related biomarkers, including pH, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, glutathione, and enzymes. Then, we highlight recent advances in NIR-II PA imaging-guided cancer therapy based on activatable probes. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for developing intelligent NIR-II PA theranostic systems are discussed. This review aims to provide useful insights for the design of activatable NIR-II PA probes for precise cancer imaging and therapy.
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