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Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research / Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment · Journal article
Advanced Medical Journal · September 4, 2026
Encouraging direction, but not yet definitive.
This retrospective cohort study of 108 prostate cancer patients on androgen deprivation therapy documents associations between PSA dynamics, metastatic disease, and time to progression, with metastatic patients progressing faster (median 9 vs 26 months) and showing higher PSA values at baseline and nadir. The findings are observational and lack multivariate adjustment or head-to-head comparison with alternative strategies, limiting inference about causality or optimal treatment guidance.
Retrospective cohort study. 108 prostate cancer patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy at Nanakali Hospital and Rizgary Teaching Hospital in Erbil, Iraq. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria not stated.. Intervention: Androgen deprivation therapy. n = 108. Two hospitals in Erbil, Iraq.
Metastatic patients had median initial PSA 102 ng/dL vs non-metastatic 20.5 ng/dL (p<0.001) Median nadir PSA in metastatic cases 2.3 ng/dL vs non-metastatic 0.1 ng/dL (p<0.001) Metastatic patients had shorter time to progression: median 9 months vs 26 months non-metastatic (p<0.001)
Safety was not reported in the material analysed. Check the source before drawing any conclusion about harm.
These associations support use of PSA dynamics and metastatic status as prognostic markers to estimate time to progression and stratify risk, informing counselling and follow-up intensity. However, the retrospective design and lack of multivariate adjustment mean these results should be confirmed in prospective cohorts before changing treatment selection or intensification strategies.
Retrospective cohort study with clear associations between PSA dynamics, metastatic status and time to progression, but limited by single-country setting, lack of multivariate adjustment, and no comparison group receiving alternative therapy.
As stated by the source record.
Quoted from the source exactly as published.
These associations support use of PSA dynamics and metastatic status as prognostic markers to estimate time to progression and stratify risk, informing counselling and follow-up intensity. However, the retrospective design and lack of multivariate adjustment mean these results should be confirmed in prospective cohorts before changing treatment selection or intensification strategies.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
Background and Objectives: Prostate cancer progression is influenced by Gleason scores and prostate-specific antigen levels. This study aims to find the association between these markers and the duration until disease progression in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 108 patients with prostate cancer treated at Nanakali Hospital and Rizgary Teaching Hospital in Erbil, Iraq. Data on demographics, clinical variables (prostate-specific antigen levels, the lowest prostate-specific antigen level reached after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy, Gleason score, and time to disease progression), and sites of metastasis were collected. Results: Patients with metastatic disease had higher initial prostate-specific antigen levels (median 102 nanograms per deciliter) compared to non-metastatic patients (median 20.5 nanograms per deciliter, p<0.001). In metastatic cases the lowest prostate-specific antigen level reached was significantly higher (median 2.3 nanograms per deciliter) than in non-metastatic cases (median 0.1 nanograms per deciliter, p<0.001). The duration until disease progression was shorter for metastatic patients (median 9 months) than for non-metastatic patients (median 26 months, p<0.001). A negative correlation was observed between the initial prostate-specific antigen levels and time to progression in non-metastatic cases (rho = -0.859, p<0.001). The time to the lowest prostate-specific-antigen level after treatment was positively correlated with time to progression (rho = 0.857, p<0.001). Conclusion: Initial prostate-specific antigen levels, Gleason scores, and prostate-specific antigen dynamics are valuable predictors of disease progression and should inform treatment strategies.
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