Life sciences · Journal article
World Journal of Stem Cells · September 15, 2026
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Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, primarily due to therapy resistance, tumor recurrence, and metastasis.Increasing evidence indicates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are central drivers of tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to conventional therapies.CSCs exhibit key biological features, including self-renewal, differentiation capacity, and remarkable phenotypic plasticity, enabling dynamic adaptation under therapeutic pressure.Critical signaling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B regulate CSC maintenance and survival.Recent advances have highlighted the concept of cellular plasticity, particularly the ability of non-stem cancer cells to reacquire stem-like properties, defined as revival CSCs.In addition, the tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in sustaining CSC function through stromal interactions, immune modulation, and extracellular matrix remodeling.Emerging therapeutic strategies targeting CSCs -including pathway inhibition, epigenetic modulation, and exosomebased therapies -offer promising approaches to overcome resistance.This mini-review summarizes current insights into CSC biology, resistance mechanisms, and evolving therapeutic strategies in CRC.