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Epigenetics and DNA Methylation · Journal article
Human Reproduction Open · September 10, 2026
Early or partial results. Treat as a signal, not a conclusion.
This controlled in-vitro study found no change in DNA methylation profiles of mature human spermatozoa after 24-hour incubation in standard media, hydrogen peroxide, or palmitate—conditions known to induce methylation changes in somatic cells. The finding suggests that the mature sperm methylome is stable under these acute stressors, but does not address earlier developmental windows or other culture conditions used in clinical ART.
In-vitro controlled incubation study with proteomics and DNA methylation profiling. Healthy Caucasian men aged 20–40 years without daily prescription medication use or testicular disease history.. Intervention: 24-hour incubation of mature spermatozoa in media supplemented with H₂O₂ or palmitate. Compared with: Incubation in standard media and pre-incubation baseline. n = 15.
Proteomic analysis identified 1,930 proteins including 144 newly identified; DNMT1 confirmed present, but de novo methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B not detected. Sperm DNA methylation remained unchanged across all three culture conditions (control, H₂O₂, palmitate) by RRBS. All three media led to decreased sperm motility, with fastest decline under H₂O₂.
Safety was not reported in the material analysed. Check the source before drawing any conclusion about harm.
The finding provides reassurance that acute culture media exposure does not directly alter mature sperm methylation patterns, but does not rule out selective pressure on sperm with pre-existing methylation signatures or effects during spermatogenesis. Clinicians should not infer from this work that ART culture media are universally safe with respect to methylation; the developmental window and other media remain untested.
A small, single-centre in-vitro study with a null finding; the design is sound but the sample is limited (n=15) and the scope restricted to three media conditions, leaving open whether other culture or earlier developmental stages affect sperm DNA methylation.
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Quoted from the source exactly as published.
The finding provides reassurance that acute culture media exposure does not directly alter mature sperm methylation patterns, but does not rule out selective pressure on sperm with pre-existing methylation signatures or effects during spermatogenesis. Clinicians should not infer from this work that ART culture media are universally safe with respect to methylation; the developmental window and other media remain untested.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
Abstract STUDY QUESTION Is DNA methylation in mature spermatozoa affected by different culture media? SUMMARY ANSWER Incubation of mature spermatozoa in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or palmitate for 24 hours did not alter the DNA methylome. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Children conceived through ART face a higher risk of disorders linked to abnormal DNA methylation. As culture media can modulate DNA methylation in somatic cells, abnormal DNA methylation after ART may be caused by factors present in culture media during sperm incubation. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Sperm from four donors underwent targeted shotgun proteomics analysis, focusing on protein size ranges that include epigenetic modifying enzymes. Additionally, sperm samples from fifteen men were incubated for 24 hours in either standard media, media with H₂O₂, or media containing palmitate; two media known to induce acute DNA methylation changes in somatic cells. DNA methylation profiles of these incubated sperm samples were then compared to those of pre-incubation sperm using Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Sperm samples were obtained from fifteen healthy Caucasian men aged 20 to 40 years. Participants using prescription medications daily or with a history of testicular disease were excluded. Motile sperm were isolated through the swim-up technique. Protein analysis was conducted via in-gel digestion followed by mass spectrometry. DNA methylation was evaluated using Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing (RRBS) and validated for select genomic regions with targeted bisulfite pyrosequencing. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Proteomic analysis returned 1,930 proteins, including 144 newly identified proteins. Consistent with previous studies, we confirmed the presence of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), while de novo methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B were not detected. Incubation in control, H₂O₂, and palmitate media all led to decreased sperm motility, with the decline occurring fastest under the H₂O₂ condition. Sperm DNA methylation remained unchanged across all three culture conditions. LARGE SCALE DATA N/A LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION RRBS analysis covers only a portion of the genome, so DNA methylation changes in unexamined regions cannot be excluded, particularly at repeated regions of the genome. Moreover, since this study tested only three culture media conditions, it remains possible that other media formulations could impact DNA methylation. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study indicates that the DNA methylome of mature human spermatozoa is stable despite the presence of DNA methylation machinery components. These results imply that DNA methylation changes in response to environmental stress are more likely to happen during earlier stages of spermatogenesis. While the various culture media used in ART are unlikely to alter the DNA methylation patterns of individual sperm cells, the possibility that certain sperm with specific methylation signatures are selectively favoured cannot be ruled out. FUNDING This work was supported by a Challenge Programme Grant from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18OC0033754) to the Gametic Epigenetics Consortium against Obesity (GECKO). The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research is an independent research center at the University of Copenhagen, partially funded by an unrestricted donation from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18CC0034900). This work was supported by the French Government (National Research Agency, ANR) through the “Investments for the Future” programs LABEX SIGNALIFE ANR-11-LABX-0028-01 and IDEX UCAJedi ANR-15-IDEX-01. DISCLOSURES RB is a recipient of research funding granted by the Novo Nordisk Foundation. EA is a shareholder of ExSeed Health Ltd.
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