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Muscle Physiology and Disorders · Journal article
Nutrients · September 7, 2026
A consensus or society position rather than new primary data.
This narrative review synthesizes evidence on how metabolic and bariatric surgery alters body composition and nutritional status, with particular emphasis on sarcopenia risk. The authors conclude that multidisciplinary nutritional optimization and structured exercise are essential to mitigate muscle loss, though they identify a need for standardized diagnostic criteria and targeted prevention strategies.
Journal article. Patients undergoing metabolic and bariatric surgery for severe obesity..
High and increasing prevalence of muscle loss after bariatric surgery driven by reduced protein intake, micronutrient deficiencies, hormonal changes, and decreased mechanical loading. Despite muscle loss, improvements in metabolic health and physical function are often observed, indicating a complex relationship between muscle mass and functional outcomes. Multidisciplinary approach including nutritional optimization and structured exercise interventions is essential to mitigate muscle loss and improve long-term outcomes.
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Clinicians should adopt a multidisciplinary strategy combining nutritional counselling and structured exercise to minimize sarcopenia risk in bariatric surgery patients. The evidence highlights that improved metabolic outcomes may occur even with muscle loss, warranting careful monitoring of both body composition and functional capacity.
This is a narrative review synthesizing current evidence on bariatric surgery's effects on muscle health and nutrition, providing clinical recommendations for a multidisciplinary approach to prevention and management.
Clinicians should adopt a multidisciplinary strategy combining nutritional counselling and structured exercise to minimize sarcopenia risk in bariatric surgery patients. The evidence highlights that improved metabolic outcomes may occur even with muscle loss, warranting careful monitoring of both body composition and functional capacity.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
What is missing. This record has no reported figures. That is a gap in the analysis, not a judgement about the study.
Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity, leading to significant and sustained weight loss and improvement in metabolic comorbidities. However, it is also associated with substantial changes in body composition and nutritional status, including the risk of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. This review aims to summarize current evidence on the interplay between metabolic and bariatric surgery, nutritional alterations, and skeletal muscle health. The recent literature highlights a high and increasing prevalence of muscle loss after surgery, driven by reduced protein intake, micronutrient deficiencies, hormonal changes, and decreased mechanical loading. Despite these challenges, improvements in metabolic health and physical function are often observed, suggesting a complex relationship between muscle mass and functional outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach, including nutritional optimization and structured exercise interventions, is essential to mitigate muscle loss and function and improve long-term outcomes. Further research is needed to standardize diagnostic criteria and develop targeted strategies for prevention and management.
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