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Life sciences · Journal article
Frontiers in Microbiology · August 28, 2026
Early or partial results. Treat as a signal, not a conclusion.
This is a descriptive genomic surveillance study of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- ST34 from Guizhou Province documenting high prevalence of resistance to fluoroquinolones (22.4% ciprofloxacin), third-generation cephalosporins (18.5–39.1%), and macrolides (11.4%), with escalating plasmid diversity (7 to 21 replicon types over 5 years) and frequent association of critically important antibiotic resistance genes with transferable plasmids. The work provides epidemiological intelligence for public health surveillance in the region but does not quantify clinical impact or test interventions.
Retrospective genomic surveillance study with phenotypic and genomic integration. Clinical Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- ST34 isolates from patients in Guizhou Province, China; nine cities (prefectures) sampled; patient age, sex, disease severity, and specimen source not detailed in abstract.. n = 281. Nine cities (prefectures) in Guizhou Province, China.
Resistance to ciprofloxacin in 22.4%, azithromycin in 11.4%, ceftazidime in 18.5%, and cefotaxime in 39.1% of 281 isolates IncQ1 plasmids present in 84.3% and IncHI2/IncHI2A in 26.3% of isolates Plasmid replicon variety increased from 7 types in 2019 to 21 types by 2023
No clinical outcomes (treatment failure, mortality, hospitalization duration) reported
Clinicians and public health authorities in Guizhou and neighbouring regions should be aware of escalating resistance to fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and macrolides in this serotype, and the predominance of plasmid-mediated resistance, which may inform empirical therapy decisions and infection control strategies. However, no clinical outcomes, mortality, treatment failure rates, or therapeutic efficacy data are reported.
A 5-year genomic surveillance study of a single Salmonella serotype in one Chinese province, providing descriptive epidemiology and resistance patterns without a control group or clinical outcomes, useful for understanding local resistance trends but not sufficient to guide practice changes.
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Clinicians and public health authorities in Guizhou and neighbouring regions should be aware of escalating resistance to fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and macrolides in this serotype, and the predominance of plasmid-mediated resistance, which may inform empirical therapy decisions and infection control strategies. However, no clinical outcomes, mortality, treatment failure rates, or therapeutic efficacy data are reported.
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Introduction Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- ST34 has emerged as a significant public health issue due to its association with various antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and transferable plasmids. However, its genomic characteristics and potential influence on public health in Guizhou have not been comprehensively assessed. Methods From 2019 to 2023, a 5-year surveillance was conducted in nine cities (prefectures) of Guizhou Province. We integrated phenotypic and genomic analyses of 281 clinical Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- ST34 isolates to investigate the prevalence of ARGs and plasmids and to analyze the molecular epidemiology and evolution. Results The isolates exhibited resistance to first-line antibiotics, with 22.4% for ciprofloxacin, 11.4% for azithromycin, 18.5% for ceftazidime, and 39.1% for cefotaxime. ARGs showed substantial agreement with phenotypes for tetracycline, macrolides, third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs), carbapenems, and colistin (80.8–100.0% consistency; Kappa: 0.50–1.00). Plasmid analysis identified IncQ1 (84.3%) and IncHI2/IncHI2A (26.3%) as the main replicons, with the variety of plasmid replicons increasing from 7 to 21 over the 5 years. ARGs associated with resistance to critically important antibiotics (CIAs) were frequently predicted to be located on plasmid-associated contigs, with significant associations observed between IncHI2/IncHI2A plasmids and ARGs conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and cephalosporins ( P < 0.05). Molecular typing divided 281 isolates into 37 cgSTs, with cgST52428 being the most common. Molecular epidemiological analysis revealed that Guizhou isolates primarily clustered together, sharing close genetic ties with those from Sichuan and Guangdong, and exhibited the highest genetic similarity to pork-derived isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of CIA-resistant ARGs and plasmids in Clades 4 and 5, with a significant association between IncHI2/IncHI2A plasmids and CIA-resistant ARGs (χ 2 = 112.12, P < 0.001). Additionally, class 1 integron was associated with higher ARG burdens, while virulence-associated genes were conserved and predominantly chromosome-associated. Gene-content analysis revealed that isolates in Clades 4 and 5 harbored the largest mean gene complements, and cgST52428 isolates also harbored the largest among dominant cgSTs. Discussion This study presents a comprehensive genomic profile of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:- ST34 in Guizhou, providing essential data for exploring the resistance characteristics and investigating the molecular epidemiology of Salmonella 1,4,[5],12:i:-.
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