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Life sciences · Journal article
One Health · October 23, 2026
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Giardia duodenalis is an important enteric protozoan parasite transmitted via the fecal–oral route through the ingestion of environmentally resistant cysts, with contaminated soil and water serving as potential sources of infection. Although its molecular epidemiology has been extensively investigated in livestock, data on environmental contamination surrounding cattle farms remain limited in Korea. This study evaluated the occurrence and molecular characteristics of G. duodenalis in soil and water collected from cattle farm environments. Between July 2023 and June 2024, 364 environmental samples (185 soil and 179 water samples) were collected from beef and dairy cattle farms across three regions. Samples were screened for G. duodenalis by PCR targeting the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. PCR-positive samples were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, with additional PCR assays targeting the bg, gdh, and tpi genes performed for assemblage identification. G. duodenalis was detected in 2 of 364 samples (0.5%), comprising one soil sample and one water sample collected near beef cattle farms. Both positive samples were obtained in autumn and yielded identical SSU rRNA sequences that clustered phylogenetically with assemblage E; however, amplification of the bg, gdh, and tpi loci was unsuccessful. These findings provide the first molecular evidence of G. duodenalis DNA in environmental matrices surrounding Korean cattle farms. The detection of G. duodenalis DNA in soil and water provides preliminary evidence of environmental contamination. However, these findings do not establish cyst viability, infectivity, or zoonotic transmission, highlighting the need for further investigations within a One Health framework. This study provides baseline data for integrated One Health surveillance and underscores the importance of systematic environmental monitoring for elucidating transmission pathways, evaluating potential public health significance, and informing evidence-based biosecurity measures.