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Life sciences · Preprint
arXiv · October 13, 2026
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Detectors of logical anomalies, such as missing, extra or wrongly combined parts, usually score a test image by its distance from normal (good) images. They achieve near-perfect image-level AUROC on standard industrial anomaly detection benchmarks such as MVTec LOCO, but their robustness to changes in capture conditions remains largely unexamined. Under a heterogeneous perturbation protocol in which each test image is randomly kept unaltered or subjected to a brightness reduction or a zoom-out transformation, the normal-reference methods we tested lose 9.7 to 34.1 AUROC points, and two of the strongest, CSAD and SALAD, fall from 97.7% and 96.4% to 68.1% and 62.3%. We propose a framework in which a classifier, trained on normal images and on synthetic anomalies, scores a test image without comparing it with normal data. From a short description of each product, a language model derives anomaly types and editing instructions, an image editor applies them to normal images, and the classifier learns to separate the edited images from automatically discovered normal sub-modes. With its full training recipe, the framework reaches 94.9% AUROC on clean images, 1.5 to 2.8 points below SALAD and CSAD, and 94.1% under the perturbation protocol. Trained without brightness or zoom-out augmentation, so that neither test perturbation occurs in training, it still reaches 92.5% (93.2% clean). These results suggest that clean benchmark scores can hide a strong sensitivity to capture conditions, and that learning the decision from both normal images and rule violations may reduce it.