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Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Advances · Journal article
Scientific Reports · August 12, 2026
Early or partial results. Treat as a signal, not a conclusion.
This is a descriptive biomarker study showing GRPR expression patterns across prostate cancer PDX models stratified by clinical and molecular features. The work demonstrates frequent GRPR positivity (71% of samples) and differential expression by androgen receptor status and PSMA expression, but provides no evidence of clinical utility, therapeutic efficacy, or outcome prediction.
Observational biomarker study; tissue microarray immunohistochemistry analysis. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of prostate cancer, including primary lesions, metastatic lesions, and neuroendocrine variants; androgen-naïve, androgen-sensitive, and castration-resistant disease.. Intervention: GRPR expression assessment by immunohistochemistry. Compared with: PSMA expression; stratification by androgen receptor status, PTEN loss, vimentin expression, and neuroendocrine differentiation. n = 107.
76 of 107 PDX samples (71%) were GRPR positive Among neuroendocrine PCa (NEPC), 14/20 (70%) were GRPR positive and 3/20 (15%) were PSMA positive In metastatic NEPC samples, 9/10 (90%) were GRPR positive versus 1/10 (10%) PSMA positive
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This biomarker mapping may inform patient selection for future GRPR-targeted radionuclide therapy trials, particularly in neuroendocrine prostate cancer and PSMA-negative disease. However, no therapeutic or prognostic validation is provided; clinical utility remains speculative.
Single-centre observational study of biomarker expression in xenograft models without clinical outcome validation; establishes feasibility and correlation patterns but lacks prospective clinical evidence or intervention trial.
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This biomarker mapping may inform patient selection for future GRPR-targeted radionuclide therapy trials, particularly in neuroendocrine prostate cancer and PSMA-negative disease. However, no therapeutic or prognostic validation is provided; clinical utility remains speculative.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
Abstract Gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) gained interest for targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) of prostate cancer (PCa). However, its expression in advanced disease remains understudied. We correlated clinical, biological, molecular and pathological characteristics, with GRPR expression in PCa patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, and compared it with prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression. GRPR expression was studied on tissue microarrays of 107 PDXs using immunohistochemistry. Seventy-six samples were GRPR positive. There were no differences in GRPR expression between primary and metastatic lesions, and androgen-naïve, androgen sensitive and castration resistant samples. High GRPR expression was frequent in androgen receptor (AR) positive tumors, high PSMA-expressing tumors, tumors without phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss, and vimentin negative tumors. AR-positivity was the most important predictor of high GRPR expression. In PSMA negative tumors, GRPR expression was high in chromogranin positive tumors, tumors without PTEN loss, in absence of retinoblastoma1-gene mutation, and high vimentin-expressing tumors. Among the neuroendocrine PCa’s (NEPC), 14/20 were GRPR and 3/20 were PSMA positive. All PSMA positive tumors were GRPR positive. Among metastatic NEPC samples, 9/10 and 1/10 were GRPR and PSMA positive, respectively. Based on the aforementioned, we conclude that GRPR is a relevant target for advanced PCa. Moreover, the selective GRPR expression in NEPC opens new avenues for GRPR-TRT.
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