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Life sciences · Journal article
Cancer Nanotechnology · October 15, 2026
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Breast cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide. Patients with advanced disease often experience recurrence and metastasis, driven by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and resistance to PD‑1/PD‑L1 checkpoint therapy. To address these challenges, we developed a multifunctional nanoplatform named DMDD@MON‑Fe that integrates autophagy induction, immune modulation, and efficient therapy, and systematically evaluated its anti‑tumor efficacy and molecular mechanisms in breast cancer. Mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (MON) were prepared using a one-pot template method. Iron species were introduced into MON through a heating-sublimation strategy to obtain MON-Fe, which was subsequently loaded with the natural small-molecule compound DMDD to form DMDD@MON-Fe. The nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, SEM, XPS, DLS, and BET. Their effects on breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cell cycle, apoptosis, ROS, autophagy, and PD-L1/PD-1 expression were examined using MTT, colony formation, Transwell, flow cytometry, MDC staining, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. In vivo anti-tumor efficacy was evaluated in a subcutaneous syngeneic tumor model, and mechanisms and biosafety were explored via transcriptome sequencing, RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry, TEM, and blood biochemical analysis. DMDD@MON-Fe showed a spherical morphology, pH-responsive drug release, and good hemocompatibility. In vitro, it significantly inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, induced cell-cycle arrest, and promoted apoptosis and ROS generation. Mechanistically, DMDD@MON-Fe downregulated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR protein expression, activated autophagy, and suppressed PD-L1/PD-1 expression as shown by Western blot and immunofluorescence. In vivo, it inhibited tumor growth and induced autophagy and chromatin condensation (TEM). Transcriptomics revealed enrichment of differentially expressed genes in PI3K-Akt, autophagy, and immune-related pathways. H&E staining and liver/kidney function tests confirmed excellent biosafety. DMDD@MON-Fe represents a promising iron-engineered mesoporous organosilica nanoplatform for enhancing DMDD delivery and antitumor efficacy in breast cancer. Its therapeutic effects are associated with increased ROS generation, suppression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling, activation of autophagy, and inhibition of PD-L1 expression. These findings provide a potential nanomedicine-based strategy for improving DMDD delivery and alleviating PD-L1-associated immune suppression in breast cancer.