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Life sciences · Journal article
Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine · September 19, 2026
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Vaccine-preventable bacterial diseases (VPBDs) remain a significant global health concern, contributing substantially to morbidity and mortality despite decades of immunization programs. Diseases such as diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) continue to resurge in several regions due to vaccine hesitancy, inequitable coverage, waning immunity, and pathogen adaptation. Antimicrobial resistance further complicates disease management, underscoring the preventive role of vaccines. This review synthesizes current evidence from epidemiology, molecular studies, and population-based research to examine the challenges and innovations in VPBDs control. In this narrative review, we conducted a literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for the period 2000–2025, using broad combinations of keywords related to vaccine‑preventable bacterial diseases and their determinants (including diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, pneumococcal disease, Haemophilus influenzae type b, vaccine hesitancy, and antimicrobial resistance), and preferentially selected original epidemiological investigations, review articles, and major policy or surveillance documents published in English. Traditional toxoid and conjugate vaccines have reduced global disease burden, but limitations such as waning immunity, antigenic variation, and incomplete serotype protection persist. Advances in vaccine technology, including mRNA, protein-subunit, and multivalent conjugate platforms, show promising improvements in immunogenicity, cross-protection, and durability of response.Sustainable control requires strengthened surveillance systems, equitable vaccine distribution, genomic monitoring, and predictive modeling to guide next-generation vaccine strategies. Community engagement and targeted interventions against vaccine hesitancy are equally critical. In conclusion, bridging scientific innovations with resilient healthcare infrastructure and proactive public health strategies is essential to mitigate VPBDs resurgence, reduce antimicrobial resistance, and ensure long-term global health security.