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Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases / Regulation of Appetite and Obesity · Journal article
Frontiers in Microbiomes · September 9, 2026
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This small case-control study reports associations between Klebsiella pneumoniae prevalence (92.86% in obese vs 7.14% in controls), elevated fasting leptin and insulin, and dietary patterns (fast food, refined carbohydrates, soft drinks) in obese Indian males. The cross-sectional design and culture-based microbial characterization limit causal inference and taxonomic breadth; findings are observational and require validation in larger, prospective studies before supporting clinical intervention.
Case-control observational study. Adult males: 27 obese and 22 normal-weight controls. Setting, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and comorbidities not specified.. Compared with: Normal-weight controls (22 males). n = 49. India (inferred from text stating 'Indian populations'); specific centre(s) not named..
Obese participants showed significantly higher leptin (5.43±0.67 ng/mL) and insulin (3.21±0.27 mIU/L) than controls (p<0.05) Leptin positively correlated with BMI in obese individuals (r=0.423, p=0.028) Klebsiella pneumoniae more prevalent among obese (92.86%) than controls (7.14%); Escherichia coli predominated among controls (51.22%)
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These findings suggest potential gut microbial and dietary correlates of obesity in Indian males but do not yet support microbiota-targeted or dietary interventions. Larger prospective studies with comprehensive microbiota profiling, causal inference designs, and validation in diverse populations are needed before translation to clinical practice.
Small single-centre case-control observational study with culture-based microbial characterization and cross-sectional hormonal measurement; demonstrates associations but lacks experimental design, mechanistic validation, and generalizability to support clinical intervention.
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These findings suggest potential gut microbial and dietary correlates of obesity in Indian males but do not yet support microbiota-targeted or dietary interventions. Larger prospective studies with comprehensive microbiota profiling, causal inference designs, and validation in diverse populations are needed before translation to clinical practice.
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Introduction Obesity is a multifactorial metabolic disorder increasingly associated with alterations in gut microbial composition and endocrine imbalance. In the present study, microbiological analyses were limited to culture-based characterization of facultative anaerobic Enterobacteriaceae. Members of the Enterobacteriaceae family, particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kpn), have been implicated in metabolic endotoxemia and inflammation; however, integrated data combining microbial profiling, metabolic hormones, and dietary patterns in Indian populations remain limited. Methods This case-control observational study involved 49 males (27 obese, 22 normal-weight controls). Anthropometric data were collected, and fasting serum leptin, ghrelin, and insulin were measured via ELISA. Stool samples were cultured for Enterobacteriaceae, identified biochemically, and genotyped using ERIC-PCR. Dietary patterns were evaluated with questionnaires. Results Obese participants showed significantly higher BMI, leptin (5.43±0.67 ng/mL), and insulin levels (3.21±0.27 mIU/L) than controls (p<0.05), while ghrelin levels did not differ significantly. Leptin positively correlated with BMI in obese individuals (r=0.423, p=0.028). Microbiological analysis yielded 82 isolates, with Kpn more prevalent among obese (92.86%) than controls (7.14%), whereas Escherichia coli predominated among controls (51.22%). ERIC-PCR demonstrated distinct genetic clusters among isolates. Obese participants also reported higher intake of fast food, refined carbohydrates, and soft drinks, correlating with elevated insulin levels. Conclusion These findings suggest possible associations between Enterobacteriaceae prevalence, metabolic hormones, and dietary patterns in obesity and support microbiota-targeted and dietary interventions.
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