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Data Driven Disease Surveillance · Journal article
Tropical Medicine and Health · September 10, 2026
A consensus or society position rather than new primary data.
This is a comprehensive systematic review synthesizing current evidence on monkeypox virus epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and prevention strategies based on literature and global surveillance data through March 2026. The review identifies key drivers of the 2022 resurgence (including loss of population immunity from discontinued smallpox vaccination and viral evolution) and documents substantial progress in genomic surveillance and diagnostics, while highlighting persistent gaps in understanding long-term immunity and optimal treatment approaches.
Systematic review. Global monkeypox cases and surveillance data; literature on MPXV and mpox across all geographic regions and epidemiologic contexts. Global; 144 countries with confirmed cases.
As of March 2026, 181,164 confirmed cases and 492 deaths reported across 144 countries Decline in public immunity following cessation of routine smallpox vaccination, together with ongoing viral evolution, contributed to mpox resurgence Advances in genomic surveillance and diagnostics have strengthened outbreak response capacity
Safety was not reported in the material analysed. Check the source before drawing any conclusion about harm.
Clinicians should use this synthesis as a current reference for understanding monkeypox epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, and diagnostic and prevention approaches. However, the review explicitly identifies gaps in long-term immunity understanding and treatment optimisation that warrant clinical caution and attention to emerging evidence in these areas.
A systematic review synthesizing current evidence on monkeypox epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prevention strategies, providing a comprehensive overview for clinicians and public health professionals rather than reporting a novel primary finding or intervention outcome.
As stated by the source record.
Quoted from the source exactly as published.
Clinicians should use this synthesis as a current reference for understanding monkeypox epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, and diagnostic and prevention approaches. However, the review explicitly identifies gaps in long-term immunity understanding and treatment optimisation that warrant clinical caution and attention to emerging evidence in these areas.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
Background Monkeypox (mpox), caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), re-emerged as a major global public health concern in 2022, resulting in widespread transmission beyond traditionally endemic regions. As of March 2026, 181,164 confirmed cases and 492 deaths had been reported across 144 countries globally. The unprecedented geographic spread of the outbreak highlighted important knowledge gaps in disease surveillance, prevention, and control. Given the ongoing global circulation of MPXV and the risk of future outbreaks, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence on MPXV and mpox. Methods The literature, surveillance data, and public health reports available up to March 2026 were systematically reviewed and synthesized. The review comprehensively assesses viral biology, genetic diversity, epidemiology, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, infection during pregnancy, host immune responses, immune evasion mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, and prevention strategies. Findings and conclusions Globally, the decline in public immunity following the cessation of routine smallpox vaccination, together with ongoing viral evolution, may have contributed to the resurgence of mpox. Advances in genomic surveillance, diagnostics, and public health preparedness have strengthened outbreak response; however, important gaps remain in understanding long-term immunity and optimal treatment strategies. This review summarizes current evidence on MPXV and mpox and highlights priorities for future research and public health interventions. Graphical Abstract
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