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Life sciences · Journal article
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology · September 24, 2026
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Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), chromatin-based webs released by activated neutrophils, were first described as antimicrobial scaffolds, but these structures now appear in sterile inflammation, thrombosis, and cancer.In gastrointestinal malignancies, experimental and clinical studies have connected NETs with tumor growth, immune escape, cancer-associated thrombosis, postoperative recurrence, and metastatic spread.NET-derived DNA, histones, neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and citrullinated histones can remodel the tumor microenvironment, shield tumor cells from cytotoxic lymphocytes, promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition, awaken dormant cells, and help metastatic cells colonize distant organs.However, NETs are not simply harmful.They remain part of host defense and may restrain tumor cells in selected inflammatory, infectious, or treatment-related settings.This review summarizes NET biology in colorectal, gastric, hepatocellular, pancreatic, and other gastrointestinal cancers, focusing on the therapies that inhibit NET formation, degrade NET scaffolds, or block NET-tumor cell interactions.