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Life sciences · Journal article
Frontiers in Immunology · October 5, 2026
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Background In adoptive cell therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), TILs are isolated and expanded ex vivo from an autologous tumor lesion. TIL therapy, comprising preparative lymphodepleting chemotherapy, TIL infusion, and post-infusion supportive interleukin-2 (IL-2) administration, has demonstrated efficacy in patients with metastatic melanoma. Interest in extending TIL therapy to other solid tumors is growing, and a tumor-agnostic manufacturing platform would allow first-in-human trials to be launched rapidly in these indications. Objective This study investigated whether a manufacturing process and control strategy developed for metastatic melanoma-derived TILs could be adapted into a tumor-agnostic platform for the generation of TILs from different solid tumor types, referred to as NTU101. Methods The feasibility of generating TILs from endometrial carcinoma (ENDC, n=9), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC, n=9), and penile cancer (PENC, n=10) lesions was assessed during process development (PD) runs using predefined quality criteria. Throughout PD runs, flow cytometry was used to characterize cells. When available, autologous tumor digest was used to assess the tumor-reactive potential of TILs. Based on PD experience, adjusted quality criteria were applied to manufacture one full-scale GMP NTU101-drug product (DP) per tumor type. Results Overall, 89% (n=25/28) of PD NTU101-DPs manufactured met the predefined quality criteria, containing at least 0.5×10^9 and 90% viable CD45+CD3+ cells, less than 1.0% of cellular impurities (viable CD45- and CD19+ cells), and a potency of more than 1.0×10^3 pg/mL IFN-γ secretion upon CD3/CD28-polymer stimulation. Across the tumor types, PD NTU101-DPs had comparable T-cell subset and differentiation state compositions. In vitro tumor-reactive potential was detected in 82% of tested NTU101-DPs (ENDC: 71%, n=5/7; NSCLC: 80%, n= 4/5; and PENC: 100%, n=5/5), although the level of reactivity will need to be confirmed with a more in-depth assay. One GMP NTU101-DP was then manufactured from each tumor type, and all three met NTU101’s quality criteria. Conclusion The NTU101 platform produced comparable NTU101-DPs from three solid tumor types beyond melanoma, with in vitro tumor-reactive potential for some batches. This platform can be applied in TIL therapy clinical trials to generate ENDC-, NSCLC-, and PENC-derived TILs, and possibly other solid tumor types.